{"id":2137,"date":"2024-08-27T14:05:00","date_gmt":"2024-08-27T12:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/censure-liberte-expression-xviiie-siecle-francais\/"},"modified":"2024-08-28T14:05:00","modified_gmt":"2024-08-28T12:05:00","slug":"censure-liberte-expression-xviiie-siecle-francais","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/censure-liberte-expression-xviiie-siecle-francais\/","title":{"rendered":"Censure et libert\u00e9 d’expression au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle fran\u00e7ais"},"content":{"rendered":"

Au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, la France est un th\u00e9\u00e2tre de tensions entre <, censure<\/strong> stricte exerc\u00e9e par la monarchie fran\u00e7aise<\/strong> et un d\u00e9sir croissant de libert\u00e9 d’expression<\/strong>. Les philosophes des Lumi\u00e8res<\/strong> comme Voltaire, Rousseau et Diderot contestent le pouvoir en place, alimentant le d\u00e9bat sur le droit d’opinion<\/strong>. Cette p\u00e9riode voit aussi l’essor de la presse clandestine<\/strong> et des ouvrages interdits<\/strong>, t\u00e9moignant de la d\u00e9termination des intellectuels \u00e0 braver les restrictions royales<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIndex\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
  1. Le contexte politique et social : monarchie et censure<\/a>
  2. Les philosophes des Lumi\u00e8res face \u00e0 la censure<\/a>
  3. Strat\u00e9gies d'\u00e9vitement et diffusion clandestine des id\u00e9es<\/a>
  4. Cons\u00e9quences sur la culture et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise<\/a><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t

    Le contexte politique et social : monarchie et censure<\/h2>\n

    Au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, la monarchie fran\u00e7aise<\/strong> exer\u00e7ait un contr\u00f4le strict sur la diffusion des id\u00e9es. La censure politique<\/strong> \u00e9tait un outil puissant du pouvoir royal pour maintenir l’<absolutisme<\/strong>. Les monarques tels que Louis XV utilisaient cette censure pour emp\u00eacher la propagation de toute pens\u00e9e qui pourrait menacer leur autorit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

    \u00c0 cette \u00e9poque, les pamphlets<\/strong> et autres ouvrages interdits<\/<\/strong> circulaient clandestinement parmi les cercles intellectuels. Les \u00e9diteurs et \u00e9crivains devaient souvent recourir \u00e0 des imprimeries secr\u00e8tes pour publier leurs \u0153uvres critiques envers le gouvernement. Cette pression, exerc\u00e9e par le pouvoir royal, ne visait pas seulement \u00e0 pr\u00e9server leur statut, mais aussi \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler la mani\u00e8re dont l’opinion publique \u00e9tait form\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n

    L’application de la censure s’\u00e9tendait aussi \u00e0 des institutions comme l’Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise<\/strong>, charg\u00e9e d’encadrer la production litt\u00e9raire en France. On se souvient, par exemple, du r\u00f4le du Chancelier de Maupeou<\/strong>, dont la politique de censure stricte fut embl\u00e9matique de cette p\u00e9riode. N\u00e9anmoins, malgr\u00e9 ces contraintes, les id\u00e9es des Lumi\u00e8res trouvent souvent le moyen de s’exprimer, posant les bases d’un changement prochain.<\/p>

    Les philosophes des Lumi\u00e8res face \u00e0 la censure<\/h2>\n

    Les philosophes des Lumi\u00e8res<\/strong> du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle ont \u00e9t\u00e9 parmi les figures les plus embl\u00e9matiques de la lutte contre la censure politique<\/strong>. Voltaire, par exemple, a utilis\u00e9 les armes de la satire et de l’ironie pour critiquer subtilement les institutions et promouvoir la libert\u00e9 de penser<\/strong>. Une anecdote c\u00e9l\u00e8bre est celle o\u00f9 il publia sous pseudonyme pour \u00e9viter les foudres de la censure royale.<\/p>\n\n

    Jean-Jacques Rousseau, quant \u00e0 lui, a vu plusieurs de ses \u0153uvres, telles que Le Contrat Social<\/em>, interdites en France. Malgr\u00e9 cela, ses id\u00e9es sur le droit d’opinion<\/strong> se sont propag\u00e9es \u00e0 travers toute l’Europe, alimentant les d\u00e9bats sur les droits des citoyens et la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de l’autorit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

    Denis Diderot, en tant qu’\u00e9diteur de l’Encyclop\u00e9die<\/strong>, a d\u00e9fi\u00e9 l’ordre \u00e9tabli en rassemblant et diffusant des connaissances qui mena\u00e7aient de bouleverser la structure sociale de l’\u00e9poque. Bien que cette \u0153uvre ait \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e8rement vis\u00e9e par la censure, elle a r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 fertiliser les esprits des lecteurs avides de savoir et d’\u00e9mancipation.<\/p>\n

    \n

    \"Atlangue\u00a0\u00a0Vous pouvez \u00e9galement \u00eatre int\u00e9ress\u00e9 par la consultation :<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n

    Strat\u00e9gies d’\u00e9vitement et diffusion clandestine des id\u00e9es<\/h2>\n

    >Face \u00e0 une censure royale<\/strong> implacable, les esprits novateurs du si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res durent faire preuve d’ing\u00e9niosit\u00e9 pour partager leurs id\u00e9es. La presse clandestine<\/strong> joua un r\u00f4le crucial dans la diffusion de pamphlets qui contestaient l’ordre \u00e9tabli. Ces \u00e9crits, souvent m\u00e9fi\u00e9s par les autorit\u00e9s, circulaient secr\u00e8tement de main en main, atteignant des lecteurs avides de nouveaut\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

    Les salons litt\u00e9raires se transform\u00e8rent en lieux de d\u00e9bat o\u00f9 les pens\u00e9es audacieuses pouvaient \u00eatre exprim\u00e9es en toute discr\u00e9tion. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation de pseudonymes permit \u00e0 des auteurs c\u00e9l\u00e8bres tels que Jean le Rond d’Alembert<\/strong> de publier sans courir le risque de s\u00e9v\u00e8res repr\u00e9sailles. Ce subterfuge judicieux prot\u00e9geait non seulement les \u00e9crivains, mais encourageait aussi la cr\u00e9ation de l’opinion publique<\/strong> en stimulant des discussions ouvertes.<\/p>\n\n

    De plus, les maisons d’\u00e9ditions situ\u00e9es hors de France, notamment aux Pays-Bas, devinrent des partenaires essentiels. Elles imprimaient des ouvrages interdits<\/strong> avant de les exp\u00e9dier secr\u00e8tement \u00e0 travers les fronti\u00e8res. Cela d\u00e9montrait l’ing\u00e9niosit\u00e9 des penseurs de l’\u00e9poque face \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me de contr\u00f4le de l’information rigide. Ces r\u00e9seaux de diffusion parall\u00e8le ont ind\u00e9niablement contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 fa\u00e7onner la pens\u00e9e intellectuelle du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, renfor\u00e7ant ainsi la qu\u00eate pour une plus grande libert\u00e9 d’expression<\/strong>.<\/p>

    Cons\u00e9quences sur la culture et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise<\/h2>\n

    >Le,En d\u00e9pit de la r\u00e9, la r\u00e9sistance des intellectuels au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle a profond\u00e9ment transform\u00e9 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise<\/strong>. Les id\u00e9es v\u00e9hicul\u00e9es par les philosophie des Lumi\u00e8res<\/<\/strong> telles que l’\u00e9galit\u00e9 et la libert\u00e9 d’expression<\/strong> ont trouv\u00e9 un \u00e9cho dans la population, posant les fondations d’un changement culturel important. On assiste \u00e0 la naissance d’une opinion publique<\/strong> plus affirm\u00e9e et inform\u00e9e, pr\u00eate \u00e0 questionner l’autorit\u00e9 et \u00e0 revendiquer ses droits.<\/p>\n\n

    En parall\u00e8le, la litt\u00e9rature, le th\u00e9\u00e2tre et les arts ne sont pas en reste. Des auteurs, influenc\u00e9s par les nouvelles id\u00e9es, capturent ce moment d’effervescence dans leurs \u0153uvres. Les pi\u00e8ces de th\u00e9\u00e2tre deviennent un espace privil\u00e9gi\u00e9 pour diffuser des messages implicites de contestation sociale, touchant un public plus large, notamment lors de repr\u00e9sentations clandestines.<\/p>\n\n

    Cette p\u00e9riode de bouillonnement intellectuel et culturel marque \u00e9galement le d\u00e9but d’une \u00e8re o\u00f9 libelles<\/strong> et autres publications pars\u00e8ment le paysage litt\u00e9raire. Loin d’\u00eatre simplement des moyens de divertissement, ces textes incitent \u00e0 la r\u00e9flexion et unissent les lecteurs dans une qu\u00eate pour un avenir meilleur. Ces changements, encourag\u00e9s par une soif de connaissance et de justice, participent \u00e0 la mont\u00e9e des id\u00e9es qui seront d\u00e9terminantes lors de la r\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise<\/strong>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Comment les Lumi\u00e8res ont-elles brav\u00e9 la censure monarchique pour d\u00e9fendre la libert\u00e9 d’expression au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle fran\u00e7ais ?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2138,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[143,117,118],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mouvements-litteraires","category-culture-francaise","category-litterature"],"spectra_custom_meta":{"_wp_page_template":["default"],"rank_math_internal_links_processed":["1"],"rank_math_title":["Censure et libert\u00e9 d'expression au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle fran\u00e7ais"],"rank_math_description":["Comment les Lumi\u00e8res ont-elles brav\u00e9 la censure monarchique pour d\u00e9fendre la libert\u00e9 d'expression au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle fran\u00e7ais ?"],"rank_math_focus_keyword":[""],"_thumbnail_id":["2138"],"_last_translation_edit_mode":["translation-editor"],"_wpml_word_count":["45"],"rank_math_primary_category":["76"],"_uagb_toc_options":["a:2:{s:17:\"_uagb_toc_version\";s:10:\"1778168533\";s:18:\"_uagb_toc_headings\";a:4:{i:0;a:4:{s:5:\"level\";i:2;s:2:\"id\";s:52:\"le-contexte-politique-et-social-monarchie-et-censure\";s:7:\"content\";s:54:\"Le contexte politique et social : monarchie et censure\";s:5:\"depth\";i:2;}i:1;a:4:{s:5:\"level\";i:2;s:2:\"id\";s:48:\"les-philosophes-des-lumi\u00e8res-face-\u00e0-la-censure\";s:7:\"content\";s:48:\"Les philosophes des Lumi\u00e8res face \u00e0 la censure\";s:5:\"depth\";i:2;}i:2;a:4:{s:5:\"level\";i:2;s:2:\"id\";s:59:\"strat\u00e9gies-d\u00e9vitement-et-diffusion-clandestine-des-id\u00e9es\";s:7:\"content\";s:60:\"Strat\u00e9gies d'\u00e9vitement et diffusion clandestine des id\u00e9es\";s:5:\"depth\";i:2;}i:3;a:4:{s:5:\"level\";i:2;s:2:\"id\";s:55:\"cons\u00e9quences-sur-la-culture-et-la-soci\u00e9t\u00e9-fran\u00e7aise\";s:7:\"content\";s:55:\"Cons\u00e9quences sur la culture et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise\";s:5:\"depth\";i:2;}}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-2137.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-2137.js"],"_uag_page_assets":["a:9:{s:3:\"css\";s:18422:\"\ufeff.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents .uagb-toc__wrap{display:inline-block;max-width:-moz-available;max-width:-webkit-fill-available;max-width:fill-available}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents li.uagb-toc__list{padding-top:10px}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents ul.uagb-toc__list,.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents ol.uagb-toc__list{list-style-position:inside;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:2.2em}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents ul.uagb-toc__list li,.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents ol.uagb-toc__list li{margin:0}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents ul li:empty{display:none}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents .uagb-toc__title-wrap{display:flex;align-items:center}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents .uagb-toc__title{display:flex;align-items:center}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents .uagb-toc__is-collapsible.uagb-toc__title-wrap{cursor:pointer}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents .uag-toc__collapsible-wrap svg{width:20px;height:20px}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents svg{width:20px;height:20px;display:inline-block;margin-left:10px;cursor:pointer}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents .uag-toc__collapsible-wrap{display:flex;margin-left:10px;cursor:pointer}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents.uagb-toc__collapse .uagb-toc__list-wrap{display:none}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents.uagb-toc__collapse--list ul.uagb-toc__list,.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents.uagb-toc__collapse--list ol.uagb-toc__list{padding-left:2px}ol.uagb-toc__list li.uagb-toc__list ul,ol.uagb-toc__list ul.uagb-toc__list ul{list-style-type:circle}ol.uagb-toc__list>ul,ol.uagb-toc__list>li{list-style-type:disc}.uagb-toc__scroll-top{position:fixed;right:50px;bottom:50px;display:none;padding:10px;background:#ccd0d4;cursor:pointer;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.8571428571}.uagb-toc__scroll-top svg{width:1.6em;height:.6em;margin-left:0;transform:translate(0, -20%) rotate(180deg);fill:currentColor}.uagb-toc__scroll-top.uagb-toc__show-scroll{display:inline-table}body[class*=astra] .uagb-toc__list{line-height:normal}.uagb-toc__list{margin-top:0}.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents ol.uagb-toc__list li.uagb-toc__list.uagb-toc__list--expandable{list-style-type:none !important}ul.uagb-toc__list--child-of-closed-list{padding-top:0 !important}ul.uagb-toc__list--hidden-child{display:none !important}.list-open::before,.list-collapsed::before{content:\"\u25bc\"\/\"\";transition:transform .3s ease;transform:scale(0.7) translateX(-50%);display:inline-block}.list-collapsed::before{transform:scale(0.7) rotate(-90deg) translate(-84%, 6%)}span.list-open,span.list-collapsed{cursor:pointer;outline:none !important}.uagb-toc__list.transition{transition:max-height 300ms ease-in-out,padding-top 300ms ease-in-out}.uagb-toc__loader{border:2px solid #f3f3f3;border-top:2px solid #0073aa;border-radius:50%;width:20px;height:20px;animation:spin 1.1s linear infinite;display:block;position:absolute;margin-top:5px}.uagb-toc__list-hidden{opacity:0}@keyframes spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}[dir=rtl] .list-open::before{transform:scale(0.7) translateX(50%)}[dir=rtl] .list-collapsed::before{transform:scale(0.7) rotate(90deg) translate(84%, 6%)}[dir=rtl] .wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents.uagb-toc__collapse--list ul.uagb-toc__list,[dir=rtl] .wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents.uagb-toc__collapse--list ol.uagb-toc__list{padding-left:0;padding-right:2px;margin-left:0;margin-right:2.2em}.wp-block-uagb-container{display:flex;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;transition-property:box-shadow;transition-duration:.2s;transition-timing-function:ease}.wp-block-uagb-container .spectra-container-link-overlay{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:10}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-uagb-container.alignfull.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{display:flex;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important}.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-uagb-blockquote,.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-spectra-pro-login,.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-spectra-pro-register{margin:unset}.wp-block-uagb-container .uagb-container__video-wrap{height:100%;width:100%;top:0;left:0;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:opacity 1s;-o-transition:opacity 1s;transition:opacity 1s}.wp-block-uagb-container .uagb-container__video-wrap video{max-width:100%;width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;line-height:1;border:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:baseline;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;background-size:cover}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid{display:grid;width:100%}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{display:inherit;width:inherit}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>.wp-block-uagb-container{max-width:unset !important;width:unset !important}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid>.wp-block-uagb-container{max-width:unset !important;width:unset !important}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.uagb-is-root-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.uagb-is-root-container>.wp-block-uagb-container{max-width:unset !important;width:unset !important}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.alignwide.uagb-is-root-container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-layout-grid.alignfull.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap{display:inherit;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important}body .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>*:not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-column):not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-section):not(.uagb-container__shape):not(.uagb-container__video-wrap):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-register):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-login):not(.uagb-slider-container):not(.spectra-image-gallery__control-lightbox):not(.wp-block-uagb-info-box),body .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap,body .wp-block-uagb-container>*:not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-column):not(.wp-block-uagb-container):not(.wp-block-uagb-section):not(.uagb-container__shape):not(.uagb-container__video-wrap):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-register):not(.wp-block-spectra-pro-login):not(.uagb-slider-container):not(.spectra-container-link-overlay):not(.spectra-image-gallery__control-lightbox):not(.wp-block-uagb-lottie):not(.uagb-faq__outer-wrap){min-width:unset !important;width:100%;position:relative}body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>.wp-block-uagb-container>ul,body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>.wp-block-uagb-container ol,body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap>ul,body .ast-container .wp-block-uagb-container>.uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap ol{max-width:-webkit-fill-available;margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;margin-left:20px}.ast-plain-container .editor-styles-wrapper .block-editor-block-list__layout.is-root-container .uagb-is-root-container.wp-block-uagb-container.alignwide{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.uagb-container__shape{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;left:0;width:100%;line-height:0;direction:ltr}.uagb-container__shape-top{top:-3px}.uagb-container__shape-bottom{bottom:-3px}.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__invert.uagb-container__shape-bottom,.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__invert.uagb-container__shape-top{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg)}.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-flip svg{transform:translateX(-50%) rotateY(180deg)}.uagb-container__shape svg{display:block;width:-webkit-calc(100% + 1.3px);width:calc(100% + 1.3px);position:relative;left:50%;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%);-ms-transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%)}.uagb-container__shape .uagb-container__shape-fill{-webkit-transform-origin:center;-ms-transform-origin:center;transform-origin:center;-webkit-transform:rotateY(0deg);transform:rotateY(0deg)}.uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-above-content{z-index:9;pointer-events:none}.nv-single-page-wrap .nv-content-wrap.entry-content .wp-block-uagb-container.alignfull{margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);margin-right:calc(50% - 50vw)}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-uagb-container .wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading{width:-webkit-fill-available}}.wp-block-uagb-image--align-none{justify-content:center}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading h1,.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading h2,.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading h3,.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading h4,.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading h5,.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading h6,.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading p,.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading div{word-break:break-word}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-heading-text{margin:0}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-desc-text{margin:0}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-separator{font-size:0;border-top-style:solid;display:inline-block;margin:0 0 10px 0}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-highlight{color:#f78a0c;border:0;transition:all .3s ease}.uag-highlight-toolbar{border-left:0;border-top:0;border-bottom:0;border-radius:0;border-right-color:#1e1e1e}.uag-highlight-toolbar .components-button{border-radius:0;outline:none}.uag-highlight-toolbar .components-button.is-primary{color:#fff}.uagb-block-592a180d.wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents{text-align: center;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap li a{color: var(u002du002dast-global-color-1);}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__wrap .uagb-toc__title-wrap{justify-content: left;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__wrap .uagb-toc__title{color: var(u002du002dast-global-color-0);justify-content: space-between;cursor: pointer;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__wrap{border-top-width: 1px;border-left-width: 1px;border-right-width: 1px;border-bottom-width: 1px;border-top-left-radius: 6px;border-top-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-color: #333;border-style: solid;padding-left: 30px;padding-right: 30px;padding-top: 30px;padding-bottom: 30px;background: rgba(237,237,237,0.65);width: 100%;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap{column-count: 1;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap > ul.uagb-toc__list > li:first-child{padding-top: 0;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ol.uagb-toc__list:first-child{margin-left: 30px;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ul.uagb-toc__list:last-child > li:last-child{padding-bottom: 0;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list{list-style-type: none !important;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list .uagb-toc__list{list-style-type: none !important;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__title{font-family: \"Lato\";font-weight: 600;font-size: 30px;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ol li a{font-family: \"Lato\";text-decoration: none;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-2dc29879 .uagb-container__shape-top svg{width: calc( 100% + 1.3px );}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-2dc29879 .uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-top .uagb-container__shape-fill{fill: rgba(51,51,51,1);}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-2dc29879 .uagb-container__shape-bottom svg{width: calc( 100% + 1.3px );}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-2dc29879 .uagb-container__shape.uagb-container__shape-bottom .uagb-container__shape-fill{fill: rgba(51,51,51,1);}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-2dc29879 .uagb-container__video-wrap video{opacity: 1;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-2dc29879{max-width: 100%;width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-2dc29879{box-shadow: 0px 4px 12px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.16) ;padding-top: 3%;padding-bottom: 2%;padding-left: 2%;padding-right: 2%;margin-top: 50px !important;margin-bottom: 30px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;margin-right: 0px !important;overflow: visible;order: initial;border-top-left-radius: 6px;border-top-right-radius: 6px;border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;border-color: inherit;background: linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(67,51,97,0.03) 0%,rgba(67,51,97,0.17) 100%);;background-clip: padding-box;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;justify-content: center;flex-wrap: nowrap;row-gap: 20px;column-gap: 20px;max-width: 100% !important;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-83cc9a09.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading {margin-bottom: 0%;margin-left: 2%;padding-top: 2px;padding-right: 2px;padding-bottom: 2px;padding-left: 0px;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-83cc9a09.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-desc-text{margin-bottom: 15px;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-83cc9a09.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-highlight{font-style: normal;font-weight: Default;background: #007cba;color: #fff;-webkit-text-fill-color: #fff;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-83cc9a09.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-highlight::-moz-selection{color: #fff;background: #007cba;-webkit-text-fill-color: #fff;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-83cc9a09.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-highlight::selection{color: #fff;background: #007cba;-webkit-text-fill-color: #fff;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-83cc9a09 .uagb-heading-text{font-family: \"Lato\";font-weight: 700;font-size: 21px;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ul li{font-size: 18px;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ol li{font-size: 18px;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__title{font-size: 22px;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__wrap{border-style: solid;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ol.uagb-toc__list:first-child{margin-left: 15px;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap{column-count: 1;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap > ul.uagb-toc__list > li:first-child{padding-top: 0;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ul.uagb-toc__list:last-child > li:last-child{padding-bottom: 0;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ol li a{font-size: 18px;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-2dc29879{width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-2dc29879{padding-top: 3px;padding-bottom: 2px;padding-left: 2px;padding-right: 2px;margin-top: 50px !important;margin-bottom: 30px !important;order: initial;background: linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(67,51,97,0.03) 0%,rgba(67,51,97,0.17) 100%);;background-clip: padding-box;max-width: !important;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-83cc9a09.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading {padding-top: 2%;padding-right: 2%;padding-bottom: 2%;padding-left: 0%;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ul li{font-size: 18px;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ol li{font-size: 18px;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__wrap{border-style: solid;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ol.uagb-toc__list:first-child{margin-left: 0px;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap{column-count: 1;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap > ul.uagb-toc__list > li:first-child{padding-top: 0;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ul.uagb-toc__list:last-child > li:last-child{padding-bottom: 0;}.uagb-block-592a180d .uagb-toc__list-wrap ol li a{font-size: 18px;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-is-root-container .uagb-block-2dc29879{max-width: 100%;width: 100%;}.wp-block-uagb-container.uagb-block-2dc29879{padding-top: 3%;padding-bottom: 2%;padding-left: 2%;padding-right: 2%;margin-top: 50px !important;margin-bottom: 30px !important;order: initial;background: linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(67,51,97,0.03) 0%,rgba(67,51,97,0.17) 100%);;background-clip: padding-box;flex-wrap: wrap;max-width: 100% !important;}}.uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-desktop) !important}@media(max-width: 976px){.uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-tablet) !important}}@media(max-width: 767px){.uag-blocks-common-selector{z-index:var(--z-index-mobile) !important}}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-aad02747.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading {margin-bottom: 20px;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-aad02747.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-desc-text{margin-bottom: 15px;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-aad02747.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-highlight{font-style: normal;font-weight: Default;background: #007cba;color: #fff;-webkit-text-fill-color: #fff;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-aad02747.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-highlight::-moz-selection{color: #fff;background: #007cba;-webkit-text-fill-color: #fff;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-aad02747.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-highlight::selection{color: #fff;background: #007cba;-webkit-text-fill-color: #fff;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-aad02747 .uagb-heading-text{font-family: \"Lato\";font-size: 25px;line-height: 1.1em;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-aad02747 .uagb-heading-text{font-size: 27px;line-height: 1.2em;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-aad02747 .uagb-heading-text{font-size: 25px;line-height: 1.2em;}}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-914edb3e.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading {margin-bottom: 20px;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-914edb3e.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-desc-text{margin-bottom: 15px;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-914edb3e.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-highlight{font-style: normal;font-weight: Default;background: #007cba;color: #fff;-webkit-text-fill-color: #fff;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-914edb3e.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-highlight::-moz-selection{color: #fff;background: #007cba;-webkit-text-fill-color: #fff;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-914edb3e.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading .uagb-highlight::selection{color: #fff;background: #007cba;-webkit-text-fill-color: #fff;}.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-914edb3e .uagb-heading-text{font-family: \"Lato\";font-size: 21px;line-height: 1.1em;}@media only screen and (max-width: 976px) {.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-914edb3e .uagb-heading-text{font-size: 27px;line-height: 1.2em;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading.uagb-block-914edb3e .uagb-heading-text{font-size: 25px;line-height: 1.2em;}}\";s:2:\"js\";s:385:\"document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function(){ window.addEventListener( 'load', function(){\n\tUAGBTableOfContents._run( {\"mappingHeaders\":[false,true,true,true,true,true],\"scrollToTop\":false,\"makeCollapsible\":true,\"enableCollapsableList\":false,\"initialCollapse\":true,\"markerView\":\"decimal\",\"isFrontend\":true,\"initiallyCollapseList\":false}, '.uagb-block-592a180d' );\n} );\n });\";s:18:\"current_block_list\";a:11:{i:0;s:22:\"uagb\/table-of-contents\";i:1;s:14:\"uagb\/container\";i:2;s:21:\"uagb\/advanced-heading\";i:3;s:14:\"core\/shortcode\";i:4;s:11:\"core\/search\";i:5;s:10:\"core\/group\";i:6;s:17:\"core\/latest-posts\";i:8;s:12:\"core\/heading\";i:9;s:20:\"core\/latest-comments\";i:11;s:13:\"core\/archives\";i:12;s:15:\"core\/categories\";}s:8:\"uag_flag\";b:1;s:11:\"uag_version\";s:10:\"1778168533\";s:6:\"gfonts\";a:1:{s:4:\"Lato\";a:2:{s:10:\"fontfamily\";s:4:\"Lato\";s:12:\"fontvariants\";a:2:{i:0;s:3:\"600\";i:1;s:3:\"700\";}}}s:10:\"gfonts_url\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"gfonts_files\";a:0:{}s:14:\"uag_faq_layout\";b:0;}"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/atlangue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/censura-libertad-expresion-francia-siglo-xviii.webp",1080,617,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/atlangue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/censura-libertad-expresion-francia-siglo-xviii-150x150.webp",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/atlangue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/censura-libertad-expresion-francia-siglo-xviii-300x171.webp",300,171,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/atlangue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/censura-libertad-expresion-francia-siglo-xviii-768x439.webp",768,439,true],"large":["https:\/\/atlangue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/censura-libertad-expresion-francia-siglo-xviii-1024x585.webp",1024,585,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/atlangue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/censura-libertad-expresion-francia-siglo-xviii.webp",1080,617,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/atlangue.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/censura-libertad-expresion-francia-siglo-xviii.webp",1080,617,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Mica\u00ebl Girondin","author_link":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/aut\/micael-girondin\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Comment les Lumi\u00e8res ont-elles brav\u00e9 la censure monarchique pour d\u00e9fendre la libert\u00e9 d'expression au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle fran\u00e7ais ?","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2137"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2137\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2138"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2137"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2137"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlangue.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}